I am no musician. Just an ordinary man, trying to get a better appreciation of music theory. Is music a collection of certain specific frequencies, set at different/periodic temporal coordinates! Or does it have some other definition entirely!

The common western system of music, in a nutshell, says that there are total of 12-notes, each having distinct frequencies: A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G#. These can then be further divided into natural and sharp notes. But this division is not a very important one from the point of view of the musician. C# is as distinct from C, as C is distinct from B! The concept of intervals also is more or less incidental from this point of view of music.

( https://library.thinkquest.org/15413/theory/intervals.htm )

The Indian system of music on the other hand, does not assign any name to the specific frequencies. Here there is an inviolate concept of the root note (Sa). Any frequency (as to the convenience of the musicians involved) can be selected as the root note. Once selected this root note never changes during a particular piece.

The Indian system follows the concept of seven notes. There are seven pure notes, and five other forms of these same seven pure notes. The root note will be named as Sa and the all the other notes will be ascertained through the intervals. Note at first major is Ray, at second minor is flat of Ga, and similarly. Also here we see that the flat of Ga, (komal Ga) is considered a variation of Ga itself, and not a note completely different from Ga.

As far as I can figure out, both the systems propose more or less the same things though some of the assumption and specific practices may be different, e.g., In Indian Classical music the concept of intervals assumes much more significance than in its western counterpart. Also Indian music has this concept of shruti which divides the octave interval into 22 (sometimes more!) parts. But few musicians can sense these intervals acutely enough to be able to actually use them in their music. And the western music has this concept of "Change of scale", which does not exist in Indian Classical...

Another thing worth dwelling upon is the particular frequencies which have been selected to represent notes. As far as I know, the successive intervals (in terms of Hz) are not absolutely linear. I once saw these notes represented as some kind of logarithmic progression, but it was too complicated for me to make any sense. Maybe I can find a more comprehensible source to understand this. Let's see!